Actividad repelente e insecticida de cuatro aceites esenciales de plantas recolectadas en Chocó-Colombia contra Tribolium castaneum / Repellent and insecticidal activity of four essential oils from plants recolleted in Chocó-Colombia against Tribolium castaneum

This study aimed to determine the repellent and insecticidal activity of four essential oils (EOs) from plants collected in the Chocó rain forest, Colombia, against T. castaneum . Conventional hydrodistillation was used to obtain the EOs. The repellent and insecticidal activities were evaluated by the preference area and gas dispersion methods, espectively. Statistical differences (p<0.05) were determined by applying a student's t-test. EOs of Siparuna guianensis, S. conica, Piper marginatum, and Nectandra acutifolia showed excellent repellent properties as the main findings, highlighting S. conicaEO with 84% repellency (1-hµL/cm2), while P. marginatum showed to be bioactive to the dose of 500 µL/mL (72 h), inducing mortality of 100% of the exposed population. In conclusion, the results evidenced the repellent properties of the EOs evaluated against T. castaneum , which allows us to conclude that these plant species are potential natural sources producing bio-repellents that contribute to the integrated control of T. castaneum.

Se evaluaron cuatro aceites esenciales (AEs) de plantas recolectadas en la selva pluvial del Chocó, Colombia, para determinar su actividad repelente e insecticida contra T. castaneum. Los AEs fueron obtenidos por hidrodestilación convencional. Las actividades repelentes e insecticidas se evaluaron por los métodos de área de preferencia y dispersión de gas, respectivamente. Las diferencias significativas (p<0,05) fueron determinadas aplicando una prueba t de student. Los AEs de Siparuna guianensis, S. conica, Piper marginatum y Nectandra acutifolia mostraron excelentes propiedades repelentes, destacando el AE de S. conicacon un 84% de repelencia (1µL/cm2), mientras que el AE de P. marginatummostró ser bioactivo a la dosis de 500 µL/mL (72 h) al inducir la mortalidad del 100% de la población expuesta. Se concluye que estas especies de plantas son fuentes naturales potencialmente viables para la producción de biorepelentes que contribuyan en el control integrado de T. castaneum.

Six complete mitochondrial genomes of ground beetles from the Harpalinae and Carabinae (Coleoptera, Carabidae) with phylogenetic analysis based on mitogenomic data.

In this study, we employed high-throughput sequencing technology to determine the complete mitochondrial genomes of six ground beetles, encompassing five Harpalinae species and one Carabinae species. The sizes of mitochondrial genomes ranged from 15,334 to 16,972 bp, encompassing 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. Furthermore, each species was found to possess a putative control region. Combining with 65 published mitochondrial genome sequences of Carabidae as ingroups and four species from Trachypachidae, Gyrinidae and Dytiscidae as outgroups, we conducted phylogenetic analyses utilizing Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Moreover, we reconstructed a species tree of Carabidae based on mitochondrial genome data using the coalescent-based species tree method (ASTRAL). The results revealed that the family Carabidae was not a monophyletic group. The subfamily Harpalinae was supported to be a monophyletic group in Maximum likelihood analysis. Although the subfamily Carabinae was found to be nonmonophyletic in the concatenation analyses under both Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference criteria, it was identified as a monophyletic group in the species tree analysis.

The paralobe: A new diagnostic and synapomorphic character for the genera Paulipalpina Gnaspini & Peck, 1996 and Parapaulipalpina Gnaspini, 1996 (Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Ptomaphagini).

In insect taxa with homogeneous external morphology, genital structures often emerge as essential traits for interspecific differentiation. In the tribe Ptomaphagini (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae), precise identification often depends on analyzing the male genital morphology, even at the genus level. Here, we present a new character for diagnosing the genera Paulipalpina Gnaspini & Peck, 1996 and Parapaulipalpina Gnaspini, 1996. This feature, which we dub 'paralobe', is a projection arising from the internal surface of the right lobe of the aedeagal apex. Based on its absence in other beetles, including other Ptomaphagini, we recognize it as a putative synapomorphy for those genera. The recognition of this previously overlooked structure adds important information for understanding the sequence of changes that occurred in the male genitalia among the genera of Ptomaphagini.

A reference quality genome assembly for the Jewel scarab Chrysina gloriosa.

The jewel scarab Chrysina gloriosa is one of the most charismatic beetles in the United States and is found from the mountains of West Texas to the Southeastern Arizona sky islands. This species is highly sought by professional and amateur collectors worldwide due to its gleaming metallic coloration. However, the impact of the large-scale collection of this beetle on its populations is unknown, and there is a limited amount of genetic information available to make informed decisions about its conservation. As a first step, we present the genome of C. gloriosa, which we reconstructed using a single female specimen sampled from our ongoing effort to document population connectivity and the demographic history of this beetle. Using a combination of long-read sequencing and Omni-C data, we reconstructed the C. gloriosa genome at a near-chromosome level. Our genome assembly consisted of 454 scaffolds spanning 642 MB, with the ten largest scaffolds capturing 98% of the genome. The scaffold N50 was 72 MB, and the BUSCO score was 95.5%. This genome assembly will be an essential tool to accelerate understanding C. gloriosa biology and help make informed decisions for the conservation of Chrysina and other species with similar distributions in this region. This genome assembly will further serve as a community resource for comparative genomic analysis.

Insect attachment on waxy plant surfaces: the effect of pad contamination by different waxes.

This study focuses on experimental testing of the contamination hypothesis and examines how the contamination of insect adhesive pads with three-dimensional epicuticular waxes of different plant species contributes to the reduction of insect attachment. We measured traction forces of tethered Chrysolina fastuosa male beetles having hairy adhesive pads on nine wax-bearing plant surfaces differing in both shape and dimensions of the wax structures and examined insect adhesive organs after they have contacted waxy substrates. For comparison, we performed the experiments with the same beetle individuals on a clean glass sample just before (gl1) and immediately after (gl2) the test on a plant surface. The tested insects showed a strong reduction of the maximum traction force on all waxy plant surfaces compared to the reference experiment on glass (gl1). After beetles have walked on waxy plant substrates, their adhesive pads were contaminated with wax material, however, to different extents depending on the plant species. The insects demonstrated significantly lower values of both the maximum traction force and the first peak of the traction force and needed significantly longer time to reach the maximum force value in the gl2 test than in the gl1 test. These effects were especially pronounced in cases of the plant surfaces covered with wax projections having higher aspect ratios. The data obtained clearly indicated the impact of waxy plant surfaces on the insect ability to subsequently attach to the clean smooth surface. This effect is caused by the contamination of adhesive pads and experimentally supports the contamination hypothesis.

A semiochemical view of the ecology of the seed beetle Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae).

The dried bean beetle, Acanthoscelides obtectus, is an economically important pest of stored legumes worldwide. Tracking the human-aided dispersion of its primary hosts, the Phaseolus vulgaris beans, it is now widespread in most bean-growing areas of the tropics and subtropics. In temperate regions where it can only occasionally overwinter in the field, A. obtectus proliferates in granaries, having multiple generations a year. Despite its negative impact on food production, no sensitive detection or monitoring tools exist, and the reduction of local populations still relies primarily on inorganic insecticides as fumigating agents. However, in the quest to produce more nutritious food more sustainably and healthily, the development of environmentally benign crop protection methods is vital against A. obtectus. For this, knowledge of the biology and chemistry of both the host plant and its herbivore will underpin the development of, among others, chemical ecology-based approaches to form an essential part of the toolkit of integrated bruchid management. We review the semiochemistry of the mate- and host-finding behaviour of A. obtectus and provide new information about the effect of seed chemistry on the sensory and behavioural ecology of host acceptance and larval development.

Comparative analyses of the banded alder borer (Rosalia funebris) and Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) genomes reveal significant differences in genome architecture and gene content among these and other Cerambycidae.

Rosalia funebris (RFUNE; Cerambycidae), the banded alder borer, is a longhorn beetle whose larvae feed on the wood of various economically and ecologically significant trees in western North America. Adults are short-lived and not known to consume plant material substantially. We sequenced, assembled and annotated the RFUNE genome using HiFi and RNASeq data. We documented genome architecture and gene content, focusing on genes putatively involved in plant feeding (phytophagy). Comparisons were made to the well-studied genome of the Asian longhorned beetle (AGLAB; Anoplophora glabripennis) and other Cerambycidae. The 814 Mb RFUNE genome assembly was distributed across 42 contigs, with an N50 of 30.18 Mb. Repetitive sequences comprised 60.27 % of the genome, and 99.0 % of expected single-copy orthologous genes were fully assembled. We identified 12657 genes, fewer than in the four other species studied, and 46.4 % fewer than for Aromia moschata (same subfamily as RFUNE). Of the 7258 orthogroups shared between RFUNE and AGLAB, 1461 had more copies in AGLAB and 1023 had more copies in RFUNE. We identified 240 genes in RFUNE that putatively arose via horizontal transfer events. The RFUNE genome encoded substantially fewer putative plant cell wall degrading enzymes than AGLAB, which may relate to the longer-lived plant-feeding adults of the latter species. The RFUNE genome provides new insights into cerambycid genome architecture and gene content and provides a new vantage point from which to study the evolution and genomic basis of phytophagy in beetles.

GREGARINA LUTESCENS N. SP. INFECTING THE HARLEQUIN LADYBIRD HARMONIA AXYRIDIS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE).

Gregarina lutescens n. sp. is described from the alimentary canal of the harlequin ladybird or multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) collected from prairie fleabane, Erigeron strigosus, at Peru State College, Peru, Nemaha Co., Nebraska. Our specimens differ from all 11 known species of Gregarina infecting coccinellid beetles worldwide by differences in size and relative shape, color, and association structure. Gregarina lutescens n. sp. is smaller than 7 known species infecting coccinellid beetles but larger than the other 4 known species based on confidence interval exclusion of means. Our specimens are unique among known species of interest in their quince-yellow cytoplasm and precocious but ephemeral serial associations of up to 5 satellites. Nucleotide sequence (18S) phylogenetic analyses place the new species basal to a member of an internal clade of Gregarina that comprises gregarines parasitizing chrysomelid beetles. Phylogenetically, the analysis recovered 3 major lineages within the gregarines, representing the superfamilies Gregarinoidea, Stenophoroidea, and Stylocephaloidea and indicating the propensity of gregarines to track host lineages and environments through evolutionary time. These findings confirm the polyphyletic nature of Gregarina, which currently comprises over 300 described species, only a handful of which have documented genetic sequences suitable for phylogenetic analysis. Recollection, redescription, and molecular clarification of gregarine species infecting coccinellids would likely result in identification of a unique clade that would be an excellent system for studying the effect of intraguild host competition on parasite diversification and community structure. Ecologically, patterns of prevalence in this study indicate that G. lutescens reproduces primarily in larval hosts but depends on infections in adult beetles to overwinter, reflecting the differential vagility and frost tolerance of larval and adult host life cycle stages.

Highly dynamic evolution of the chemosensory system driven by gene gain and loss across subterranean beetles.

Chemical cues in subterranean habitats differ highly from those on the surface due to the contrasting environmental conditions, such as absolute darkness, high humidity or food scarcity. Subterranean animals underwent changes to their sensory systems to facilitate the perception of essential stimuli for underground lifestyles. Despite representing unique systems to understand biological adaptation, the genomic basis of chemosensation across cave-dwelling species remains unexplored from a macroevolutionary perspective. Here, we explore the evolution of chemoreception in three beetle tribes that underwent at least six independent transitions to the underground, through a phylogenomics spyglass. Our findings suggest that the chemosensory gene repertoire varies dramatically between species. Overall, no parallel changes in the net rate of evolution of chemosensory gene families were detected prior, during, or after the habitat shift among subterranean lineages. Contrarily, we found evidence of lineage-specific changes within surface and subterranean lineages. However, our results reveal key duplications and losses shared between some of the lineages transitioning to the underground, including the loss of sugar receptors and gene duplications of the highly conserved ionotropic receptors IR25a and IR8a, involved in thermal and humidity sensing among other olfactory roles in insects. These duplications were detected both in independent subterranean lineages and their surface relatives, suggesting parallel evolution of these genes across lineages giving rise to cave-dwelling species. Overall, our results shed light on the genomic basis of chemoreception in subterranean beetles and contribute to our understanding of the genomic underpinnings of adaptation to the subterranean lifestyle at a macroevolutionary scale.

Cave beetle lineages gained genes before going down under: An example of repeated genomic exaptation?

The adaptation of animals to subterranean habitats like caves and aquifers stereotypically leads to dramatic trait-loss consequences like the lack of eyes and body pigmentation. These body plan regression trends are expected to be tied to gene loss as well. Indeed, previous studies documented the degeneration of vision genes in obligate cave dwellers. Contradicting this picture, the first broad-scale comparative transcriptome-wide study of gene content evolution in separate subterranean Australian and Mediterranean beetle clades unearthed evidence of global gene gain and retention. This suggests that the transition to cave life may be more contingent on gene repertoire expansion than contraction. Future studies, however, will need to examine how much the observed patterns of gene content evolution reflect subfunctionalization and fitness-securing genetic redundancy outcomes following gene duplication as opposed to adaptive trajectories.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Aegialites californicus (Motchoulsky, 1845) (insecta: coleoptera: salpingidae).

The flightless intertidal beetle genus Aegialites (family Salpingidae) is distributed along the Northern Pacific coasts, from California to Alaska and from Northern Japan to Kamchatka. Systematics of Aegialites and its phylogenetic relationships to other members of Salpingidae are unclear, and little genetic information is available. We here present the first complete mitochondrial genome of this genus, represented by Aegialites californicus (Motchoulsky, 1845) from Sonoma County, California, U.S.A. The complete mitochondrial genome of A. californicus is 15,899 bp long and comprises 13 protein-coding (PCG), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. The phylogenetic analysis places A.californicus as sister to other members of family Salpingidae. The mitochondrial genome sequence of A. californicus will contribute to future phylogenetic and taxonomic studies of genus Aegialites, family Salpingidae and superfamily Tenebrionoidea.

Revision of the macropterous subgenus Curtonotus from east China, with the description of a new species (Carabidae, Zabrini, Amara).

Species from east China belonging to the subgenus Curtonotus were studied, resulting in the description of a new species, Amara (Curtonotus) beijingensissp. nov. The type locality is Xiaolongmen Forest Park in Beijing. All the known macropterous Curtonotus species from eastern China are reviewed and for each species taxonomical notes, illustrations, and new provincial records are noted. An improved key for their identification is provided as well.

Characterization of Four Complete Mitogenomes of Monolepta Species and Their Related Phylogenetic Implications.

Monolepta is one of the diverse genera in the subfamily Galerucinae, including 708 species and 6 sub-species worldwide. To explore the information on the mitogenome characteristics and phylogeny of the section "Monoleptites", especially the genus Monolepta, we obtained the newly completed mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of four Monolepta species using high-throughput sequencing technology. The lengths of these four new mitochondrial genomes are 16,672 bp, 16,965 bp, 16,012 bp, and 15,866 bp in size, respectively. All four mitochondrial genomes include 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and one control region, which is consistent with other Coleoptera. The results of the nonsynonymous with synonymous substitution rates showed that ND6 had the highest evolution rate, while COI displayed the lowest evolution rate. The substitution saturation of three datasets (13 PCGs_codon1, 13 PCGs_codon2, 13 PCGs_codon3) showed that there was no saturation across all datasets. Phylogenetic analyses based on three datasets (ND1, 15 genes of mitogenomes, and 13 PCGs_AA) were carried out using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. The results showed that mitogenomes had a greater capacity to resolve the main clades than the ND1 gene at the suprageneric and species levels. The section "Monoleptites" was proven to be a monophyletic group, while Monolepta was a non-monophyletic group. Based on ND1 data, the newly sequenced species whose antennal segment 2 was shorter than 3 were split into several clades, while, based on the mitogenomic dataset, the four newly sequenced species had close relationships with Paleosepharia. The species whose antennal segment 2 was as long as 3 were split into two clades, which indicated that the characteristic of "antennal segment 2 as long as 3" of the true "Monolepta" evolved multiple times in several subgroups. Therefore, to explore the relationships among the true Monolepta, the most important thing is to perform a thorough revision of Monolepta and related genera in the future.

Illuminating Firefly Diversity: Trends, Threats and Conservation Strategies.

Fireflies are a diverse group of bioluminescent beetles belonging to the family Lampyridae. Recent research on their diversity, evolution, behavior and conservation has greatly advanced our scientific understanding of these charismatic insects. In this review, we first summarize new discoveries about their taxonomic and ecological diversity, then focus on recent endeavors to identify and protect threatened fireflies around the world. We outline the main threats linked to recent population declines (habitat loss and degradation, light pollution, pesticide overuse, climate change and tourism) and describe relevant risk factors that predict which species will be particularly vulnerable to these threats. Although global coordination of firefly conservation efforts has begun only recently, considerable progress has already been made. We describe work by the IUCN SSC Firefly Specialist Group to identify species currently facing elevated extinction risks and to devise conservation strategies to protect them. To date, IUCN Red List assessments have been completed for 150 firefly taxa, about 20% of which face heightened extinction risks. The conservation status for many species has yet to be determined due to insufficient information, although targeted surveys and community science projects have contributed valuable new data. Finally, we highlight some examples of successful firefly habitat protection and restoration efforts, and we use the framework of the IUCN SSC Species Conservation Cycle to point out high-priority actions for future firefly conservation efforts.

Microbial associates of the elm leaf beetle: uncovering the absence of resident bacteria and the influence of fungi on insect performance.

Microbial symbionts play crucial roles in the biology of many insects. While bacteria have been the primary focus of research on insect-microbe symbiosis, recent studies suggest that fungal symbionts may be just as important. The elm leaf beetle (ELB, Xanthogaleruca luteola) is a serious pest species of field elm (Ulmus minor). Using culture-dependent and independent methods, we investigated the abundance and species richness of bacteria and fungi throughout various ELB life stages and generations, while concurrently analyzing microbial communities on elm leaves. No persistent bacterial community was found to be associated with the ELB or elm leaves. By contrast, fungi were persistently present in the beetle's feeding life stages and on elm leaves. Fungal community sequencing revealed a predominance of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus in insects and on leaves. Culture-dependent surveys showed a high prevalence of two fungal colony morphotypes closely related to Penicillium lanosocoeruleum and Aspergillus flavus. Among these, the Penicillium morphotype was significantly more abundant on feeding-damaged compared with intact leaves, suggesting that the fungus thrives in the presence of the ELB. We assessed whether the detected prevalent fungal morphotypes influenced ELB's performance by rearing insects on (i) surface-sterilized leaves, (ii) leaves inoculated with Penicillium spores, and (iii) leaves inoculated with Aspergillus spores. Insects feeding on Penicillium-inoculated leaves gained more biomass and tended to lay larger egg clutches than those consuming surface-sterilized leaves or Aspergillus-inoculated leaves. Our results demonstrate that the ELB does not harbor resident bacteria and that it might benefit from associating with Penicillium fungi.IMPORTANCEOur study provides insights into the still understudied role of microbial symbionts in the biology of the elm leaf beetle (ELB), a major pest of elms. Contrary to expectations, we found no persistent bacterial symbionts associated with the ELB or elm leaves. Our research thus contributes to the growing body of knowledge that not all insects rely on bacterial symbionts. While no persistent bacterial symbionts were detectable in the ELB and elm leaf samples, our analyses revealed the persistent presence of fungi, particularly Penicillium and Aspergillus on both elm leaves and in the feeding ELB stages. Moreover, when ELB were fed with fungus-treated elm leaves, we detected a potentially beneficial effect of Penicillium on the ELB's development and fecundity. Our results highlight the significance of fungal symbionts in the biology of this insect.

Drift drives the evolution of chromosome number I: The impact of trait transitions on genome evolution in Coleoptera.

Chromosomal mutations such as fusions and fissions are often thought to be deleterious, especially in heterozygotes (underdominant), and consequently are unlikely to become fixed. Yet, many models of chromosomal speciation ascribe an important role to chromosomal mutations. When the effective population size (Ne) is small, the efficacy of selection is weakened, and the likelihood of fixing underdominant mutations by genetic drift is greater. Thus, it is possible that ecological and phenotypic transitions that modulate Ne facilitate the fixation of chromosome changes, increasing the rate of karyotype evolution. We synthesize all available chromosome number data in Coleoptera and estimate the impact of traits expected to change Ne on the rate of karyotype evolution in the family Carabidae and 12 disparate clades from across Coleoptera. Our analysis indicates that in Carabidae, wingless clades have faster rates of chromosome number increase. Additionally, our analysis indicates clades exhibiting multiple traits expected to reduce Ne, including strict inbreeding, oligophagy, winglessness, and island endemism, have high rates of karyotype evolution. Our results suggest that chromosome number changes are likely fixed by genetic drift despite an initial fitness cost and that chromosomal speciation models may be important to consider in clades with very small Ne.

Pollen beetle (Astylus atromaculatus)-associated gastroenteric disease in cattle: report of 6 natural outbreaks.

Astylus atromaculatus is a pollen beetle native to South America, commonly found in crop flowers. Experimental intoxication of sheep and guinea pigs by this beetle resulting in fibrinonecrotizing enteritis has been reported. We describe here 6 natural outbreaks of intoxication in cattle associated with consumption of alfalfa (5 of 6) and mixed native (1 of 6) pastures heavily contaminated with A. atromaculatus. The outbreaks occurred during the summer (January-February) of 2023 in Argentina (n = 4) and Uruguay (n = 2), in beef cattle under extensive or semi-extensive rearing systems, with overall cumulative incidence and mortality of 22.3% and 17.8%, respectively. The main clinical signs included acute onset of anorexia, lethargy, hyperthermia, hindlimb weakness, reluctance to move, and diarrhea, for up to 15 d. In 2 outbreaks, sudden death was observed. Eight Hereford, Angus, and/or crossbreed heifers, cows, steers, and/or calves were autopsied. Gross and microscopic findings included multifocal necrosis with fibrinous pseudomembranes in the forestomachs and/or small and large intestines. Fragments or whole specimens of A. atromaculatus were identified in the ruminal content of all animals. Testing for multiple gastroenteric pathogens was negative as was testing of A. atromaculatus for cantharidin and batrachotoxin. GC-MS and LC-MS/MS performed on the beetles did not identify any known toxic compounds. Based on the exposure to A. atromaculatus-contaminated pasture, gross and microscopic lesions, and negative results of all testing for multiple gastroenteric pathogens, a diagnosis of intoxication by A. atromaculatus is proposed. Disease caused by A. atromaculatus consumption has not been reported previously in cattle, to our knowledge.

Trapping liquids may bias the results of beetle diversity assessment.

Several different techniques and methods are used to capture and study beetles (Coleoptera). One option is the use of window traps with various trapping liquids. However, these liquids used in comparative studies may have a biasing effect on the results. The effectiveness of the frequently used liquid baits, involving beer, wine, vinegar, and water as the reference liquid, was compared in this study. Twenty-four traps were assigned to two habitat categories (sunny and shady) and four kinds of bait: beer, wine, vinegar, and water. During the study from June to July 2021, a total of 29,944 invertebrates were captured; of these, 3,931 individuals belonged to Coleoptera. A total of 3,825 beetles were identified, belonging to 120 species and 36 families. The most abundant family was Nitidulidae, with 3,297 adults (86% of the total). The number of arthropods differed only in the trapping liquid, and the captures were similar between beer and wine and between vinegar and water. The trapping liquid had a more significant effect on beetle abundance and species richness. In contrast, exposure had a significant effect only on the number of beetle species and a higher ratio of beetles was found in the shade. Beer and wine were very attractive and collected similar beetle communities. However, the diversity (Shannon's index) was low due to the high abundance of several species. Traps with vinegar and water collected a similar composition and species richness. After removing sap beetles (Nitidulidae) from all traps, a significant difference was still recorded between trapping liquids in the number of individuals and species, and their communities were much more similar. Thus, at high abundances of sap beetles, it is possible to exclude them from analyses and obtain more accurate data when assessing environmental variables. The results showed that the type of trapping liquids used can have substantial effects on abundance and species composition captured beetles in traps especially for beer and wine. The beer and wine in traps can significantly influence the subsequent biodiversity assessment. We recommend the use of trapping liquids without the baiting effect to correctly assess the effect of environmental variables on beetle richness and abundance.

The genome sequence of a riffle beetle, Elmis aenea (Müller, 1806).

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Elmis aenea (a riffle beetle; Arthropoda; Insecta; Coleoptera; Elmidae). The genome sequence is 516.5 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 9 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X sex chromosome. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 18.06 kilobases in length.

Review of the genus Xenicotela Bates, 1884 (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Lamiini).

The species of the genus Xenicotela Bates, 1884 are reviewed. One new species, Xenicotelamuchenisp. nov., is described from Yunnan, China. Monochamusbinigricollis Breuning, 1965 and Monochamusvilliersi Breuning, 1960 are transferred to Xenicotela as follows: Xenicotelavilliersi (Breuning, 1960) comb. nov. and Xenicotelabinigricollis (Breuning, 1965) comb. nov.Xenicoteladistincta (Gahan, 1888) is newly reported from Myanmar and Xenicotelabinigricollis is excluded from the fauna of China. All species are redescribed and illustrated. A key to the known Xenicotela species is provided.